قارن الطرق

	تحليل الحساسية المكانية للسببية	مطابقة درجات الميل
المجال	الاستدلال السببي	إحصاء البحث
العائلة	Regression model	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1988–2021 (developed progressively)	1983
صاحب الطريقة	Anselin (1988) for spatial diagnostics; Reich et al. (2021) for spatial causal frameworks	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
النوع	Sensitivity / robustness analysis	Method
المصدر التأسيسي	Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. ISBN: 978-9024737322	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
الأسماء البديلة	spatial causal sensitivity, spatial robustness checks, SSAC, spatial confounding sensitivity	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
ذات صلة	6	3
الملخص	Spatial sensitivity analysis for causality systematically tests whether a causal estimate derived from georeferenced data holds up as spatial structure, spillovers, and the choice of spatial weights matrix are varied. Because nearby units often share unmeasured confounders — soil quality, local infrastructure, neighbourhood norms — a naive regression may yield biased causal estimates. This method reveals how fragile or robust a claimed causal effect is to alternative spatial specifications.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.