قارن الطرق

	Social Accounting Matrix	Input-Output Analysis	Location Quotient
المجال	الاقتصاد	الاقتصاد	الاقتصاد
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1962	1936	1960
صاحب الطريقة	Richard Stone; popularized by Graham Pyatt & Jeffery Round	Wassily Leontief	Developed in regional science; codified by Walter Isard
النوع	Comprehensive, square, double-entry accounting framework	Linear inter-industry accounting and impact model	Descriptive index of relative regional concentration
المصدر التأسيسي	Pyatt, G., & Round, J. I. (Eds.). (1985). Social Accounting Matrices: A Basis for Planning. Washington, DC: The World Bank. ISBN: 9780821305508	Leontief, W. W. (1936). Quantitative input and output relations in the economic system of the United States. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 18(3), 105–125.	Isard, W. (1960). Methods of Regional Analysis: An Introduction to Regional Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN: 9780262090032
الأسماء البديلة	SAM, Social Accounting Framework, SAM Multiplier Model	Leontief Model, Inter-Industry Analysis, I-O Analysis, Input-Output Model	LQ, Coefficient of Localization, Regional Specialization Ratio
ذات صلة	3	4	3
الملخص	A social accounting matrix (SAM) is a square, double-entry table that records all transactions among the production sectors, factors of production, institutions (households, firms, government), and the rest of the world in an economy for a given year. It extends the input-output table by closing the circular flow of income — connecting how value added becomes factor income, factor income becomes household income, and household income becomes demand — so that every account's receipts (its row) exactly equal its expenditures (its column).	Input-output analysis is a quantitative framework for representing the interdependence between the industries of an economy, introduced by Wassily Leontief in 1936. It records the flows of goods and services between sectors in a transactions table, derives fixed technical coefficients describing how much each industry buys from every other industry per unit of output, and inverts the resulting linear system to trace how an exogenous change in final demand ripples through the entire production structure.	The location quotient (LQ) is a simple descriptive index that measures how concentrated an industry is in a region relative to a larger reference area, usually the nation. It is the ratio of the industry's share of local employment (or output) to its share of national employment. An LQ above one means the region is more specialized in that industry than the nation as a whole; an LQ below one means it is under-represented.