قارن الطرق

	تقديرات المقياس القوية Sn و Qn	اختبار التبديل (العشوائية)
المجال	الإحصاء	الإحصاء
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1993	2005
صاحب الطريقة	Rousseeuw & Croux	Good (2005); Edgington & Onghena (2007); resampling tradition
النوع	Robust scale estimator	Nonparametric resampling test
المصدر التأسيسي	Rousseeuw, P. J., & Croux, C. (1993). Alternatives to the Median Absolute Deviation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 88(424), 1273-1283.	Good, P. (2005). Permutation, Parametric and Bootstrap Tests of Hypotheses (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-0387202792
الأسماء البديلة	Sn estimator, Qn estimator, Rousseeuw-Croux scale estimators, robust scale estimation	randomization test, exact permutation test, re-randomization test, Permütasyon Testi
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	Sn and Qn are robust estimators of scale (spread) proposed by Rousseeuw and Croux (1993) as alternatives to the median absolute deviation (MAD). Both attain a 50% breakdown point while delivering higher statistical efficiency than MAD, so they measure dispersion accurately even when the data contain outliers.	The permutation test is a nonparametric resampling procedure that builds the sampling distribution of a test statistic directly from the data by repeatedly shuffling the group labels. Developed in the resampling tradition and treated systematically by Good (2005) and Edgington & Onghena (2007), it requires no parametric distributional assumption and yields an exact p-value.