قارن الطرق

	نموذج راش المتين	Differential Item Functioning
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1982	1970s–1993
صاحب الطريقة	Mislevy & Bock (robust ability estimation); broader robust IRT formalized through 1980s–2000s	William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer
النوع	Robust item calibration model	Item-level bias detection
المصدر التأسيسي	Strobl, C., Wickelmaier, F., & Zeileis, A. (2011). Accounting for individual differences in Bradley-Terry models by means of recursive partitioning. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 36(2), 135–153.	Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589
الأسماء البديلة	robust IRT Rasch, robust dichotomous Rasch, outlier-resistant Rasch model, robust item calibration	DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	The robust Rasch model applies the standard one-parameter logistic Rasch framework with estimation procedures designed to limit the influence of outlying item responses, aberrant respondents, or mild model violations, producing stable item and person parameter estimates that are less sensitive to data contamination than ordinary maximum likelihood or conditional maximum likelihood Rasch estimation.	Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development.