قارن الطرق

	تصميم الانحدار المتقطع الضبابي المتين	مطابقة درجات الميل
المجال	الاستدلال السببي	إحصاء البحث
العائلة	Regression model	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2014 (robust CCT estimator); 2001 (fuzzy RDD formalization)	1983
صاحب الطريقة	Calonico, Cattaneo, and Titiunik (robust inference framework); Hahn, Todd, and Van der Klaauw (fuzzy RDD formalization)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
النوع	Quasi-experimental causal inference with IV at threshold	Method
المصدر التأسيسي	Calonico, S., Cattaneo, M. D., & Titiunik, R. (2014). Robust Nonparametric Confidence Intervals for Regression-Discontinuity Designs. Econometrica, 82(6), 2295-2326.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
الأسماء البديلة	Robust Fuzzy RDD, Fuzzy RD with robust inference, bias-corrected fuzzy RD, CCT fuzzy RDD	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
ذات صلة	5	3
الملخص	Robust Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design estimates a local average treatment effect (LATE) at a threshold where crossing the cutoff raises — but does not guarantee — treatment receipt. Introduced by Calonico, Cattaneo, and Titiunik (2014), the robust framework applies bias-corrected local polynomial estimation with a robust variance estimator, correcting the coverage failures of conventional bandwidth-optimal inference in both the sharp and fuzzy cases.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.