قارن الطرق

	تجربة سريرية للمرحلة الأولى معدلة حسب المخاطر	التجربة السريرية العشوائية (RCT)
المجال	علم الأوبئة	علم الأوبئة
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1990s–2000s	1948 (first rigorously conducted RCT — MRC streptomycin trial)
صاحب الطريقة	Evolved from the Continual Reassessment Method (O'Quigley et al., 1990) extended with patient-level risk covariates	Austin Bradford Hill; MRC Streptomycin Trial team
النوع	Interventional clinical trial design	Interventional experimental study
المصدر التأسيسي	Iasonos, A., Wilton, A. S., & Gonen, M. (2008). A review of stochastic dose-finding methods. Statistics in Medicine, 27(25), 5031–5046.	Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., DeMets, D. L., Reboussin, D. M., & Granger, C. B. (2015). Fundamentals of Clinical Trials (5th ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-3319185385
الأسماء البديلة	risk-stratified Phase I trial, risk-adaptive dose-escalation study, covariate-adjusted Phase I study, risk-based dose-finding trial	RCT, randomized controlled trial, randomised controlled trial, clinical randomized trial
ذات صلة	5	6
الملخص	A risk-adjusted Phase I clinical trial is a first-in-human or dose-finding study that explicitly incorporates patient-level risk covariates — such as organ function, prior therapy, or genetic markers — into the dose-escalation model. Rather than treating all enrolled participants as homogeneous, the design accounts for individual differences in tolerance, allowing the recommended dose to vary by risk stratum. This approach is especially common in oncology, where patients with impaired renal function or heavily pre-treated disease may tolerate lower doses than the broader population.	A randomized clinical trial (RCT) is an experimental study design in which participants are randomly assigned to an intervention group or a control group, then followed prospectively to compare outcomes. Random allocation is the defining feature: it distributes known and unknown confounders across groups by chance, making the RCT the strongest individual study design for establishing causal efficacy of a treatment or intervention under controlled conditions.