قارن الطرق

	مقياس كونور-ديفيدسون للمرونة	مقياس الكفاءة الذاتية العام (GSE)	مقياس أوتريخت للاندماج في العمل
المجال	علم النفس الاجتماعي	علم النفس الاجتماعي	علم النفس الاجتماعي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2003	1995	2002
صاحب الطريقة	Kathryn Connor and Jonathan Davidson	Ralf Schwarzer and Matthias Jerusalem	Wilmar Schaufeli, Arnold Bakker, and Marisa Salanova
النوع	Psychological resilience and stress coping measure	Generalized self-efficacy and coping capacity measure	Occupational well-being and engagement scale
المصدر التأسيسي	Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82.	Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user's portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35–37). NFER-Nelson. ISBN: 978-0700522286	Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92.
الأسماء البديلة	CD-RISC, Connor-Davidson Scale, Resilience Scale	GSE, Schwarzer Self-Efficacy, General Self-Efficacy	UWES, Work Engagement Scale, Schaufeli Work Engagement
ذات صلة	3	3	3
الملخص	The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is a 25-item self-report measure of psychological resilience—the capacity to cope with stress, adversity, and trauma while maintaining psychological functioning. Developed by Kathryn Connor and Jonathan Davidson in 2003, the CD-RISC operationalizes resilience as a multidimensional construct encompassing personal competence, trust in instincts, positive adaptation, and meaning-making. A brief 10-item version (CD-RISC-10) is also widely available. The scale has become standard in clinical research on trauma, anxiety, depression, and recovery from adversity.	The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) is a 10-item measure assessing beliefs in one's ability to handle difficult situations and to cope with challenges through adaptive effort. Developed by Ralf Schwarzer and Matthias Jerusalem in the mid-1990s, the GSE operationalizes self-efficacy as a generalized confidence in one's capacity to manage stressors across diverse situations, rather than task-specific confidence. The scale has become widely used in health psychology, occupational research, and studies examining resilience and adaptive coping.	The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) is a 17-item instrument measuring work engagement—a positive, fulfilling psychological state characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption in work. Developed by Wilmar Schaufeli and colleagues in 2002, the UWES operationalizes engagement as the positive antipode to burnout, reflecting energetic involvement, strong commitment, and deep focus in occupational tasks. The scale has become the standard measure for assessing work engagement in organizational research and occupational health.