قارن الطرق

	Real Options Valuation	تسعير الخيارات الثنائية (كوكس-روس-روبنشتاين)
المجال	الاقتصاد	التمويل
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1994	1979
صاحب الطريقة	Stewart Myers (term); Dixit & Pindyck, Trigeorgis (theory)	John Cox, Stephen Ross & Mark Rubinstein
النوع	Valuation of managerial flexibility under uncertainty	Discrete-time lattice option-pricing model
المصدر التأسيسي	Dixit, A. K., & Pindyck, R. S. (1994). Investment Under Uncertainty. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 9780691034102	Cox, J. C., Ross, S. A., & Rubinstein, M. (1979). Option pricing: A simplified approach. Journal of Financial Economics, 7(3), 229–263.
الأسماء البديلة	Real Options Analysis, ROV, Real Option Pricing, Investment Under Uncertainty	binomial tree model, Cox-Ross-Rubinstein model, CRR model, lattice option pricing
ذات صلة	3	4
الملخص	Real options valuation applies the theory of financial options to real (physical, strategic) investment decisions, valuing the managerial flexibility to defer, expand, contract, switch, or abandon a project as uncertainty resolves over time. Where standard discounted-cash-flow analysis assumes a now-or-never commitment to a fixed plan, real options recognize that managers hold rights — not obligations — to act, and that this flexibility has value precisely because the future is uncertain. Using option-pricing and dynamic-programming methods, the approach values these embedded options and identifies the optimal timing and conditions for exercising them.	The binomial option pricing model, introduced by John Cox, Stephen Ross, and Mark Rubinstein in 1979, prices options by modelling the underlying as a discrete tree in which the price moves up or down by fixed factors at each step. Working backward from the option's payoff at maturity using risk-neutral probabilities, it produces a no-arbitrage price that converges to Black-Scholes as the number of steps grows — while naturally handling American early exercise, which the closed-form formula cannot.