قارن الطرق

	Propensity Score Matching in Education	مطابقة درجات الميل
المجال	Education	إحصاء البحث
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1983	1983
صاحب الطريقة	Rosenbaum & Rubin (method); educational application widespread (Stuart and others)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
النوع	Observational causal inference by matching treated and untreated units on treatment probability	Method
المصدر التأسيسي	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
الأسماء البديلة	Educational Propensity Score Matching, PSM in Education, Propensity Matching for School Effects, Observational Causal Matching	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
ذات صلة	4	3
الملخص	Propensity score matching estimates the causal effect of an educational treatment from observational data by pairing treated students, schools, or teachers with comparison units that had the same probability of receiving the treatment given their observed characteristics. Introduced by Rosenbaum and Rubin, it collapses many confounding variables into a single score and matches on it, approximating the balance a randomized experiment would create. In education — where randomizing program participation, retention, or school choice is often impossible — it is a widely used quasi-experimental tool.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.