قارن الطرق

	تجربة معملية براغماتية	التصميم العاملي الكامل	التجربة المعشاة ذات الشواهد (RCT)
المجال	التصميم التجريبي	التصميم التجريبي	التصميم التجريبي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
سنة النشأة	1967 (foundational distinction); 2009 (PRECIS operationalization)	1926	1948
صاحب الطريقة	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic–explanatory distinction); extended by PRECIS framework developers	R. A. Fisher	James Lind (early precursor, 1747); modern formulation: Austin Bradford Hill & Medical Research Council (1948)
النوع	Experimental design philosophy and study type	Parametric factorial experiment	Interventional comparative study
المصدر التأسيسي	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Box, G. E. P., Hunter, J. S., & Hunter, W. G. (2005). Statistics for Experimenters: Design, Innovation, and Discovery (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-0471718130	Schulz, K.F., Altman, D.G., Moher, D., for the CONSORT Group (2010). CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials. BMJ, 340, c332.
الأسماء البديلة	pragmatic experiment, applied laboratory trial, practice-oriented lab experiment, pragmatic controlled experiment	factorial experiment, 2^k factorial, full factorial, Faktöriyel Deneme Deseni (Full Factorial, 2^k)	RCT, randomised controlled trial, clinical trial, Randomize Kontrollü Çalışma (RCT) Tasarımı
ذات صلة	3	5	7
الملخص	A pragmatic laboratory experiment is a controlled study conducted in a laboratory setting that prioritises external validity and real-world applicability over the stringent internal controls characteristic of purely explanatory experiments. Drawing on the pragmatic–explanatory continuum formalised by Schwartz and Lellouch (1967) and later operationalised in the PRECIS framework, it asks whether an intervention works under conditions that approximate actual practice rather than ideal circumstances, making findings directly actionable for decision-makers and practitioners.	A full factorial design is a parametric experimental method in which every combination of factor levels is tested simultaneously, enabling the estimation of all main effects and all interaction effects in a single study. Rooted in R. A. Fisher's foundational work on designed experiments (1926) and systematically developed by Box, Hunter, and Hunter (2005) and Montgomery (2017), the 2^k form tests k two-level factors across 2^k experimental runs and is the benchmark against which all other factorial designs are measured.	A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard experimental design in clinical and health research, in which participants are randomly allocated to a treatment group or a control group so that the effect of an intervention can be measured with the highest possible degree of internal validity. The modern parallel-group RCT was formalized by Austin Bradford Hill and the Medical Research Council in their landmark streptomycin trial of 1948, and its reporting is governed today by the CONSORT 2010 guidelines (Schulz et al., 2010).