قارن الطرق

	نموذج راش متعدد الفئات	Differential Item Functioning
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1978–1982	1970s–1993
صاحب الطريقة	Gerhard N. Masters (Partial Credit Model); David Andrich (Rating Scale Model)	William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer
النوع	Item response model	Item-level bias detection
المصدر التأسيسي	Masters, G. N. (1982). A Rasch model for partial credit scoring. Psychometrika, 47(2), 149–174.	Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589
الأسماء البديلة	PRM, Rating Scale Model, Partial Credit Model, Polytomous IRT Rasch	DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias
ذات صلة	6	5
الملخص	The Polytomous Rasch Model extends the dichotomous Rasch framework to ordered response scales with three or more categories, such as Likert items or partial-credit tasks. It estimates person ability and item difficulty on the same interval-level logit scale, and it tests whether the response categories function as intended — prerequisites for rigorous ordinal measurement.	Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development.