قارن الطرق

	صلاحية البناء المتعدد الفئات	Differential Item Functioning
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1992–2000	1970s–1993
صاحب الطريقة	Building on Messick (1989) and IRT extensions by Masters, Muraki, and Samejima	William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer
النوع	Psychometric validity framework	Item-level bias detection
المصدر التأسيسي	Muraki, E. (1992). A generalized partial credit model: Application of an EM algorithm. Applied Psychological Measurement, 16(2), 159–176.	Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589
الأسماء البديلة	polytomous item construct validity, ordered-category construct validity, polytomous measurement validity, multi-category scale validity	DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias
ذات صلة	6	5
الملخص	Polytomous construct validity refers to the evaluation of whether a scale composed of ordered, multi-category items (e.g., Likert or rating-scale items) genuinely measures the intended latent construct. It extends classical validity frameworks to polytomous measurement models — such as the Graded Response Model or Generalized Partial Credit Model — ensuring that ordered response categories function as designed and that the resulting scores reflect the target construct.	Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development.