قارن الطرق

	الانتحال في البحث الأكاديمي	النشر المزدوج وتقطيع السلامي
المجال	أخلاقيات النشر	أخلاقيات النشر
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1989	1997
صاحب الطريقة	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and institutional policies	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
النوع	Standard	Standard
المصدر التأسيسي	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (2023). Definition of Research Misconduct. Federal Policy on Research Misconduct (42 CFR Part 93). ORI.	Committee on Publication Ethics (2023). COPE Guidelines. Flowcharts and Advice on Publication Ethics. COPE.
الأسماء البديلة	Text Plagiarism, Idea Plagiarism, Self-Plagiarism	Redundant Publication, Overlapping Publication, Fragmented Research
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Plagiarism—the use of others' words, ideas, or methods without attribution—is formally classified as research misconduct by the U.S. Office of Research Integrity and most institutions worldwide. It ranges from verbatim copying of text to paraphrasing without citation to presenting others' ideas as one's own. Unlike accidental omission of a citation (which is corrected via erratum), plagiarism implies intent or gross negligence and triggers investigation, potential retraction, and career consequences. Plagiarism detection tools (e.g., Turnitin, iThenticate) and manual checking by journals now routinely screen manuscripts.	Duplicate publication occurs when the same research data are published more than once without acknowledgment or justification, presenting the same or substantially similar results as previously published work. Salami slicing is the related practice of dividing the results of a single study into the smallest possible publishable units and submitting them as separate papers to multiply publication counts. Both practices artificially inflate research output, mislead readers, and violate ethical standards upheld by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and research integrity organizations worldwide.