قارن الطرق

	عملية مراجعة الأقران	معايير ICMJE لكتابة المؤلفين
المجال	أخلاقيات النشر	أخلاقيات النشر
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1665	1978
صاحب الطريقة	Scientific publishing community; formalized by journals and COPE	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)
النوع	Process	Standard
المصدر التأسيسي	Committee on Publication Ethics (2023). COPE Guidelines: Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers. COPE.	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. ICMJE.
الأسماء البديلة	Peer Reviewing, Manuscript Evaluation, Scholarly Review	ICMJE Authorship, Authorship Guidelines
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Peer review is the process by which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the same field before publication in academic journals. Reviewers assess the manuscript's scientific merit, methodology, clarity, and contribution to the field. Established in 1665 with the first scientific journal (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society), peer review remains the gold standard for quality control in academic publishing. Despite ongoing criticism and proposals for alternatives, peer review continues to filter low-quality and unethical work, though it is imperfect and sometimes slow.	The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) established the most widely adopted authorship standard in biomedical research in 1978. These criteria define who qualifies as an author and distinguish authors from contributors, establishing accountability and preventing disputes over publication credit. Used by over 10,000 journals globally, ICMJE authorship criteria form the foundation of authorship practices in medical, life science, and health-related research.