قارن الطرق

	اختبار PANIC: تحليل جذر الوحدة للبيانات المقطعية مع تحليل العوامل المشتركة	نموذج العوامل الديناميكية
المجال	الاقتصاد القياسي	الاقتصاد القياسي
العائلة	Hypothesis test	Regression model
سنة النشأة	2004	2002
صاحب الطريقة	Jushan Bai & Serena Ng	James Stock & Mark Watson
النوع	Panel unit root test	Latent-factor time-series model
المصدر التأسيسي	Bai, J., & Ng, S. (2004). A PANIC attack on unit roots and cointegration. Econometrica, 72(4), 1127–1177.	Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (2002). Macroeconomic forecasting using diffusion indexes. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 20(2), 147–162.
الأسماء البديلة	Panel Analysis of Non-stationarity in Idiosyncratic and Common Components, Bai-Ng PANIC Test, Second-Generation Panel Unit Root Test, Panel Birim Kök Testi (PANIC)	Diffusion Index Model, Large-Scale Factor Model, Approximate Factor Model, Dinamik Faktör Modeli
ذات صلة	3	2
الملخص	PANIC (Panel Analysis of Non-stationarity in Idiosyncratic and Common Components) is a second-generation panel unit root test introduced by Bai and Ng (2004). It decomposes each panel series into common factors and idiosyncratic components, then tests for unit roots in each part separately, making it robust to cross-sectional dependence — a critical limitation of first-generation tests such as IPS or LLC.	A Dynamic Factor Model (DFM) extracts a small number of latent common factors from a large panel of economic time series and uses those factors to forecast or nowcast a target variable. Formalized for macroeconomic forecasting by James Stock and Mark Watson in their 2002 Journal of Business & Economic Statistics paper, DFMs handle hundreds of indicators simultaneously while avoiding the curse of dimensionality that plagues traditional multivariate models.