قارن الطرق

	بيانات البانل (Panel Data) فرق الفروقات (Difference-in-Differences - DiD)	مطابقة درجات الميل
المجال	الاستدلال السببي	إحصاء البحث
العائلة	Regression model	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1985–2004	1983
صاحب الطريقة	Ashenfelter & Card (1985); codified by Angrist & Pischke (2009); serial correlation critique by Bertrand, Duflo & Mullainathan (2004)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
النوع	Causal inference / panel regression	Method
المصدر التأسيسي	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
الأسماء البديلة	Two-Way Fixed Effects DiD, TWFE, Panel DiD, Panel Diff-in-Diff	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
ذات صلة	4	3
الملخص	Panel Data Difference-in-Differences extends the classic two-period DiD design to settings with multiple units observed across many time periods. By absorbing unit-level fixed effects and time fixed effects simultaneously, it isolates the causal effect of a treatment or policy change while controlling for both time-invariant unit heterogeneity and common time shocks affecting all units.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.