قارن الطرق

	نموذج راش الترتيبي (نماذج مقياس التقدير والائتمان الجزئي)	Differential Item Functioning
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1978–1982	1970s–1993
صاحب الطريقة	David Andrich (RSM, 1978); Geoff Masters (PCM, 1982)	William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer
النوع	Item response model for ordered categories	Item-level bias detection
المصدر التأسيسي	Andrich, D. (1978). A rating formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika, 43(4), 561–573.	Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589
الأسماء البديلة	Rating Scale Model, Partial Credit Model, RSM, PCM	DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias
ذات صلة	6	5
الملخص	The ordinal Rasch model extends the dichotomous Rasch framework to items with ordered response categories such as Likert-type scales. It places both persons and items on a shared interval-level metric, enabling principled measurement from ordinal data while checking whether items function consistently across all response thresholds.	Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development.