قارن الطرق

	تضمين التردد بتقسيم التعامد (OFDM)	تقنية الإدخال المتعدد والإخراج المتعدد (MIMO)	Shannon Capacity
المجال	الاتصالات	الاتصالات	الاتصالات
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1971	1995	1948
صاحب الطريقة	Weinstein and Ebert	Telatar, Foschini, and Gans	Claude Shannon
النوع	multicarrier modulation scheme	spatial multiplexing technique	fundamental theoretical bound
المصدر التأسيسي	Weinstein, S. B., & Ebert, P. M. (1971). Data transmission by frequency-division multiplexing using the discrete Fourier transform. IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, 19(5), 628-634.	Telatar, I. (1999). Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels. European Transactions on Telecommunications, 10(6), 585-595.	Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423.
الأسماء البديلة	multicarrier modulation	spatial multiplexing, antenna diversity	channel capacity, information theory bound
ذات صلة	5	5	5
الملخص	OFDM is a multicarrier modulation technique that divides a wideband channel into many narrowband orthogonal subcarriers. Introduced by Weinstein and Ebert in 1971, it exploits the duality between time and frequency domains to efficiently use spectrum while mitigating intersymbol interference in frequency-selective channels. OFDM is now the standard for high-speed wireless systems including WiFi, cellular LTE, and digital broadcasting.	MIMO is a technique that uses multiple transmit and receive antennas to significantly increase channel capacity and reliability. Pioneered theoretically by Telatar (1999) and Foschini & Gans (1998), MIMO exploits multipath propagation—typically a liability in wireless—as an asset by creating independent spatial channels. It is now fundamental to all modern wireless systems including LTE, WiFi-6, and 5G, where it provides both capacity gains through spatial multiplexing and robustness through diversity.	Shannon's channel capacity theorem, published in 1948, establishes the maximum rate at which information can be reliably transmitted over a noisy channel. Expressed as C = B log2(1 + S/N) for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), it is a fundamental bound in information theory and communications engineering. Shannon proved that reliable communication is possible at any rate below capacity, and impossible above it. This theorem underpins the design of all modern communication systems and motivates coding theory, modulation, and signal processing techniques.