قارن الطرق

	الاستيفاء المتعدد	مطابقة درجات الميل
المجال	الإحصاء	إحصاء البحث
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1987	1983
صاحب الطريقة	Donald B. Rubin	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
النوع	Missing-data handling procedure	Method
المصدر التأسيسي	Rubin, D.B. (1987). Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. Wiley.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
الأسماء البديلة	MICE, Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations, Çoklu Atama (Multiple Imputation — MICE)	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
ذات صلة	1	3
الملخص	Multiple Imputation (MI), formally introduced by Donald B. Rubin in 1987, is a principled statistical procedure for handling missing data. Rather than replacing each missing value once, MI fills the gaps m times — each time drawing plausible values from the posterior predictive distribution of the missing data — producing m complete datasets. Each dataset is analysed independently, and the results are combined into a single set of estimates using Rubin's pooling rules. The MICE variant (Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations), popularised by van Buuren and Groothuis-Oudshoorn (2011), extends the approach to mixed variable types by imputing each variable in turn through a sequence of conditional regression models.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.