قارن الطرق
راجع الطرق التي اخترتها جنبًا إلى جنب؛ الصفوف المختلفة مميَّزة.
| Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire× | مقياس السلوك المواطني التنظيمي× | |
|---|---|---|
| المجال | السلوك التنظيمي | السلوك التنظيمي |
| العائلة≠ | Latent structure | Process / pipeline |
| سنة النشأة≠ | 1985 | 1988 |
| صاحب الطريقة≠ | Bernard M. Bass & Bruce J. Avolio | Dennis W. Organ |
| النوع≠ | Full-range leadership measurement instrument | Self-report scale |
| المصدر التأسيسي≠ | Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. New York: Free Press. ISBN: 9780029018101 | Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books. ISBN: 978-0-669-16934-9 |
| الأسماء البديلة≠ | MLQ, MLQ-5X, Full-Range Leadership Model, Transformational Leadership Scale | OCB Scale, Williams & Anderson Scale |
| ذات صلة≠ | 3 | 4 |
| الملخص≠ | The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) is the standard instrument for measuring the full-range leadership model, which spans laissez-faire (non-) leadership, transactional leadership, and transformational leadership. Building on James MacGregor Burns's distinction, Bernard Bass's 1985 book reframed transformational leadership as leaders who raise followers' aspirations and move them to perform beyond expectations, and operationalized it through the MLQ. The transformational factors are idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration; the transactional factors are contingent reward and management-by-exception; and laissez-faire represents the absence of leadership. The current MLQ-5X measures these as distinct factors rated by followers and self. Judge and Piccolo's 2004 meta-analysis established the criterion validity of the model, showing strong overall validity for transformational leadership and a substantial positive role for contingent reward. | The Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale (OCBS) is a 16-item instrument measuring discretionary employee contributions beyond formal job requirements. Developed by Organ in 1988 and operationalized by Williams and Anderson in 1991, the OCBS assesses two dimensions: helping behaviors toward coworkers and support for the organization. |
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