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| التحليل العاملي الاستكشافي متعدد المجموعات (MGEFA)× | Differential Item Functioning× | |
|---|---|---|
| المجال | القياس النفسي | القياس النفسي |
| العائلة | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| سنة النشأة≠ | 1981 | 1970s–1993 |
| صاحب الطريقة≠ | Muthén & Christoffersson | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer |
| النوع≠ | Latent variable / multi-group dimension reduction | Item-level bias detection |
| المصدر التأسيسي≠ | Muthén, B. & Christoffersson, A. (1981). Simultaneous factor analysis of dichotomous variables in several groups. Psychometrika, 46(4), 407–419. DOI ↗ | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 |
| الأسماء البديلة | MGEFA, multi-sample exploratory factor analysis, simultaneous EFA across groups, exploratory factor analysis with multiple groups | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias |
| ذات صلة≠ | 6 | 5 |
| الملخص≠ | Multi-group exploratory factor analysis estimates the latent factor structure of a set of items separately within each of two or more groups and then examines whether the discovered structures are consistent across groups. It is used to explore dimensionality before imposing invariance constraints, and to diagnose group-specific factor patterns that would invalidate cross-group comparisons. | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. |
| ScholarGateمجموعة البيانات ↗ |
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