قارن الطرق

	Missing Women Estimation	Gender Inequality Index	تحليل جدول الحياة
المجال	Gender Studies	Gender Studies	علم السكان
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Survival analysis
سنة النشأة	1990	2010	1984
صاحب الطريقة	Amartya Sen	UNDP Human Development Report Office (Gaye, Klugman et al.)	Demographic/actuarial tradition; Chiang
النوع	Demographic accounting estimate	Composite inequality index	Age-structured mortality estimator
المصدر التأسيسي	Sen, A. (1992). Missing women. BMJ, 304(6827), 587–588.	Gaye, A., Klugman, J., Kovacevic, M., Twigg, S., & Zambrano, E. (2010). Measuring key disparities in human development: The Gender Inequality Index. Human Development Research Paper 2010/46. UNDP Human Development Report Office.	Chiang, C. L. (1984). The Life Table and Its Applications. Robert E. Krieger Publishing. ISBN: 978-0-89874-565-2
الأسماء البديلة	Missing Women, Excess Female Mortality Estimation, Sen Missing Women Method	GII, UNDP Gender Inequality Index	Mortality Table, Actuarial Table, Survival Table, Yaşam Tablosu
ذات صلة	2	4	3
الملخص	Missing women estimation quantifies the number of women and girls who are absent from a population because of gender bias in mortality and, in some settings, sex-selective abortion. Introduced by economist Amartya Sen in 1990 and 1992, the method compares the observed female population (or female deaths) with the number expected under a benchmark sex ratio that would prevail absent discrimination. The resulting deficit — famously estimated at more than 100 million worldwide — is a stark demographic measure of cumulative anti-female bias.	The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is a composite measure introduced by the UNDP in the 2010 Human Development Report to capture the loss in potential human development due to inequality between women and men. It combines three dimensions — reproductive health, empowerment, and labour-market participation — into a single index ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (complete inequality), using an association-sensitive aggregation that penalises both gaps between the sexes and inequality across dimensions.	A life table is a systematic, age-structured summary of the mortality experience of a population. It traces a hypothetical cohort of births — conventionally 100,000 — through successive age intervals, recording how many survive, how many die, and how many person-years are lived at each interval. The method was formalized in its modern probabilistic form by Chiang (1984), synthesizing centuries of actuarial and demographic practice into a rigorous statistical framework applicable to human and biological populations alike.