قارن الطرق

	Missing Women Estimation	Gender Inequality Index
المجال	Gender Studies	Gender Studies
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1990	2010
صاحب الطريقة	Amartya Sen	UNDP Human Development Report Office (Gaye, Klugman et al.)
النوع	Demographic accounting estimate	Composite inequality index
المصدر التأسيسي	Sen, A. (1992). Missing women. BMJ, 304(6827), 587–588.	Gaye, A., Klugman, J., Kovacevic, M., Twigg, S., & Zambrano, E. (2010). Measuring key disparities in human development: The Gender Inequality Index. Human Development Research Paper 2010/46. UNDP Human Development Report Office.
الأسماء البديلة	Missing Women, Excess Female Mortality Estimation, Sen Missing Women Method	GII, UNDP Gender Inequality Index
ذات صلة	2	4
الملخص	Missing women estimation quantifies the number of women and girls who are absent from a population because of gender bias in mortality and, in some settings, sex-selective abortion. Introduced by economist Amartya Sen in 1990 and 1992, the method compares the observed female population (or female deaths) with the number expected under a benchmark sex ratio that would prevail absent discrimination. The resulting deficit — famously estimated at more than 100 million worldwide — is a stark demographic measure of cumulative anti-female bias.	The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is a composite measure introduced by the UNDP in the 2010 Human Development Report to capture the loss in potential human development due to inequality between women and men. It combines three dimensions — reproductive health, empowerment, and labour-market participation — into a single index ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (complete inequality), using an association-sensitive aggregation that penalises both gaps between the sexes and inequality across dimensions.