قارن الطرق

	تقدير الاحتمالية القصوى	نمذجة المعادلات الهيكلية
المجال	الإحصاء	إحصاء البحث
العائلة	Regression model	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1922	1921
صاحب الطريقة	R. A. Fisher	Sewall Wright
النوع	Parametric point estimator	Method
المصدر التأسيسي	Fisher, R. A. (1922). On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 222, 309–368.	Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1973). LISREL: A general computer program for estimating a linear structural equation system. Research Bulletin 73-5. University of Stockholm.
الأسماء البديلة	MLE, maximum-likelihood estimator, ML estimation, Fisher's method of maximum likelihood	SEM, path analysis, latent variable modeling, causal modeling
ذات صلة	4	3
الملخص	Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) is a general-purpose parametric method for estimating the unknown parameters of a statistical model by finding the parameter values that make the observed data most probable. Formalized by R. A. Fisher in his landmark 1922 paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, MLE has become the dominant parameter-estimation paradigm in modern statistics and is the foundational engine behind logistic regression, generalized linear models, structural equation modeling, and virtually all parametric inference procedures.	Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a comprehensive statistical framework combining path analysis (Sewall Wright, 1921) and confirmatory factor analysis to test complex causal models linking observed and latent variables. Formalized by Jöreskog (1973) with LISREL software, SEM enables simultaneous estimation of measurement relationships (how variables measure latent constructs) and structural relationships (how constructs influence outcomes), making it powerful for theory testing in psychology, epidemiology, organizational research, and health sciences where complex mediation, moderation, and latent processes require integrated analysis.