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| التحليل التفاضلي للأداء الفقري الطولي (Longitudinal DIF)× | Differential Item Functioning× | |
|---|---|---|
| المجال | القياس النفسي | القياس النفسي |
| العائلة | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| سنة النشأة≠ | 1980s–2000s | 1970s–1993 |
| صاحب الطريقة≠ | Multiple contributors; foundational DIF methods by Lord (1980) extended to longitudinal designs | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer |
| النوع≠ | Item-level bias detection across time | Item-level bias detection |
| المصدر التأسيسي≠ | Millsap, R. E., & Kwok, O. M. (2004). Evaluating the impact of partial factorial measurement invariance on selection in two groups. Psychological Methods, 9(1), 93–115. DOI ↗ | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 |
| الأسماء البديلة | longitudinal DIF, DIF across time, temporal DIF, longitudinal item bias | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias |
| ذات صلة≠ | 6 | 5 |
| الملخص≠ | Longitudinal differential item functioning detects whether individual test or scale items behave differently across measurement occasions for the same respondents. It extends standard DIF methodology to repeated-measures designs, ensuring that observed change scores genuinely reflect construct change rather than shifts in item characteristics over time. | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. |
| ScholarGateمجموعة البيانات ↗ |
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