قارن الطرق

	البحث الطولي السببي المقارن	بحث اللوحات
المجال	تصميم البحث	تصميم البحث
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1970s–1980s (as an established combined design in educational and social research)	1970s-1980s (econometric formalization); earlier social survey use from 1940s
صاحب الطريقة	Synthesized from causal-comparative tradition (Kerlinger, 1973) and longitudinal design frameworks (Goldstein, 1979)	Social science and econometric traditions; systematized by Cheng Hsiao and others from the 1970s-1980s
النوع	Non-experimental quantitative research design	Quantitative longitudinal observational design
المصدر التأسيسي	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525532	Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521522717
الأسماء البديلة	longitudinal ex post facto design, longitudinal causal-comparative design, repeated-measures causal-comparative research, prospective causal-comparative study	panel study, panel survey, longitudinal panel, repeated-measures panel
ذات صلة	4	3
الملخص	Longitudinal causal-comparative research is a non-experimental quantitative design that compares pre-existing groups on one or more dependent variables across multiple measurement points over time. Unlike true experiments, the researcher does not manipulate the independent variable; instead, naturally occurring group differences (e.g., gender, socioeconomic status, diagnostic category) are examined to explore their relationship to outcomes as they evolve longitudinally.	Panel research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same individuals, organizations, or other units are measured repeatedly across two or more time points. Unlike cross-sectional surveys that capture a single snapshot, a panel tracks change within units, enabling researchers to separate genuine within-unit change from between-unit differences and to model causal dynamics over time.