قارن الطرق

	ديناميكيات العكس القطاعية	قفزة الحركة المضادة
المجال	علوم الرياضة	علوم الرياضة
العائلة	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
سنة النشأة	1990	1983
صاحب الطريقة	David Winter	Paavo Komi
النوع	kinetic analysis	jumping test
المصدر التأسيسي	Winter, D. A. (1990). Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. New York: John Wiley & Sons.	Bosco, C., Luhtanen, P., & Komi, P. V. (1983). A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 50(2), 273-282.
الأسماء البديلة	inverse dynamics, joint kinetics, joint moments	CMJ, jump height, explosive power
ذات صلة	3	3
الملخص	Inverse dynamics is a biomechanical analysis technique that calculates joint moments (forces and torques) from measured kinematics (positions and angles) and ground reaction forces. Formalized by David Winter (1990), inverse dynamics works backward from Newton's second law: given acceleration and inertia, calculate the net force (or moment) required to produce that motion. By analyzing joint loading during sport movements, biomechanists identify asymmetries, technique flaws, and muscle-group imbalances that predict injury or limit performance. Inverse dynamics is the standard for detailed biomechanical assessment in research and elite coaching.	The counter-movement jump (CMJ) is a simple, field-friendly test of lower-body explosive power in which the athlete stands on a force plate, descends into a shallow squat (counter-movement phase), and explosively extends to jump as high as possible. Pioneered by Bosco and Komi (1983), the CMJ captures the integrated function of strength, rate of force development, and elastic energy utilization. Jump height (measured via flight time from force plate or motion capture) and peak power are reported. The CMJ is among the most widely used tests in sports science, athlete monitoring, and research due to simplicity, objectivity, and relevance to explosive power in nearly all sports.