قارن الطرق

	معايير ICMJE لكتابة المؤلفين	الانتحال في البحث الأكاديمي
المجال	أخلاقيات النشر	أخلاقيات النشر
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1978	1989
صاحب الطريقة	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and institutional policies
النوع	Standard	Standard
المصدر التأسيسي	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. ICMJE.	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (2023). Definition of Research Misconduct. Federal Policy on Research Misconduct (42 CFR Part 93). ORI.
الأسماء البديلة	ICMJE Authorship, Authorship Guidelines	Text Plagiarism, Idea Plagiarism, Self-Plagiarism
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) established the most widely adopted authorship standard in biomedical research in 1978. These criteria define who qualifies as an author and distinguish authors from contributors, establishing accountability and preventing disputes over publication credit. Used by over 10,000 journals globally, ICMJE authorship criteria form the foundation of authorship practices in medical, life science, and health-related research.	Plagiarism—the use of others' words, ideas, or methods without attribution—is formally classified as research misconduct by the U.S. Office of Research Integrity and most institutions worldwide. It ranges from verbatim copying of text to paraphrasing without citation to presenting others' ideas as one's own. Unlike accidental omission of a citation (which is corrected via erratum), plagiarism implies intent or gross negligence and triggers investigation, potential retraction, and career consequences. Plagiarism detection tools (e.g., Turnitin, iThenticate) and manual checking by journals now routinely screen manuscripts.