قارن الطرق

	الأخطاء المعيارية المقاومة لعدم التجانس (HC)	انحدار المربعات الصغرى العادية (OLS)
المجال	الإحصاء	الاقتصاد القياسي
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1980	2019
صاحب الطريقة	Eicker; Huber; White (1980); MacKinnon & White (1985)	Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares
النوع	Robust covariance estimator for linear regression	Linear regression
المصدر التأسيسي	White, H. (1980). A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817-838.	Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860
الأسماء البديلة	robust standard errors, White standard errors, Huber-Eicker-White standard errors, sandwich standard errors	ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	Heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors are a correction to the covariance matrix of an OLS regression that yields valid inference when the error variance is not constant. Introduced by Halbert White in 1980 and refined into the finite-sample variants HC1-HC4 by MacKinnon and White in 1985, they leave the coefficient estimates unchanged but rebuild the standard errors so that t and F tests remain trustworthy under heteroscedasticity.	Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).