قارن الطرق

	مقياس جوتمان	تحليل العوامل لتطوير المقاييس
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1944	1947
صاحب الطريقة	Louis Guttman	Louis Thurstone
النوع	Cumulative unidimensional scaling methodology	Exploratory factor analysis methodology
المصدر التأسيسي	Guttman, L. (1944). A basis for scaling qualitative data. American Sociological Review, 9(2), 139-150.	Thurstone, L. L. (1947). Multiple-Factor Analysis: A Development and Expansion of the Vectors of Mind (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 9780226797557
الأسماء البديلة	Cumulative scale, Scalogram analysis, Guttman scaling, Unidimensional cumulative scale	Exploratory factor analysis, EFA for scale development, Factorial structure analysis
ذات صلة	4	5
الملخص	Guttman scaling is a methodology for constructing unidimensional scales with a cumulative property, developed by Louis Guttman in 1944. The method assumes that items form a perfect or near-perfect hierarchy: if a respondent endorses a harder item, they must endorse all easier items below it. This creates a reproducible scale structure useful for measuring constructs with ordinal properties such as difficulty, intensity, or severity.	Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is a statistical method for discovering the underlying dimensional structure of a set of items or variables. Pioneered by Louis Thurstone in the mid-20th century, EFA is widely used to develop and validate psychometric scales by identifying groups of items that correlate together, thereby revealing latent dimensions of the construct being measured. The method reduces item sets to a smaller number of interpretable factors.