قارن الطرق

	اختبارات جودة المطابقة	متوسط مربعات الخطأ (MSE)
المجال	تقييم النماذج	تقييم النماذج
العائلة	MCDM	MCDM
سنة النشأة	1900	1809
صاحب الطريقة	Karl Pearson	Carl Friedrich Gauss
النوع	Hypothesis testing framework for model adequacy	Squared-error loss function
المصدر التأسيسي	Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine, 50(302), 157-175.	Gauss, C. F. (1809). Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in Sectionibus Conicis Solem Ambientium. Hamburg: Perthes and Besser.
الأسماء البديلة	goodness of fit test, GOF test, model fit assessment	MSE, L2 error, quadratic error
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Goodness-of-fit (GOF) testing is a framework for assessing whether observed data are consistent with a hypothesized probability distribution or model. Originating from Karl Pearson's chi-square test (1900), GOF tests quantify the discrepancy between data and model predictions, yielding p-values to judge whether observed deviations are statistically significant or due to random chance.	Mean Squared Error is the foundational loss function for regression models, measuring the average squared deviation between predictions and observations. Originating from Gauss and Legendre's method of least squares (1805-1809), MSE is the basis for ordinary least squares regression and remains central to modern machine learning optimization.