قارن الطرق

	علم الزمن اللغوي (Glottochronology)	الطريقة المقارنة	إعادة البناء الداخلي
المجال	علم اللغة	علم اللغة	علم اللغة
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1950	1786	1891
صاحب الطريقة	Morris Swadesh	Sir William Jones	Henry Heffner Hock
النوع	Empirical process pipeline	Empirical process pipeline	Empirical process pipeline
المصدر التأسيسي	Swadesh, M. (1950). Salish internal relationships. International Journal of American Linguistics, 16(3), 157-167.	Hock, H. H. (1991). Principles of Historical Linguistics (2nd ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.	Hock, H. H. (1991). Principles of Historical Linguistics (2nd ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
الأسماء البديلة	Lexicostatistics, Glottochronological Dating	Historical Comparative Linguistics, Genetic Linguistics	Interlingual Reconstruction, Diachronic Morphology
ذات صلة	2	4	3
الملخص	Glottochronology, or lexicostatistics, is a quantitative method in historical linguistics that estimates the time of divergence between related languages based on the proportion of shared cognates in their basic vocabularies. Developed by Morris Swadesh in 1950, the method assumes that core vocabulary items change at a relatively constant rate over time, allowing linguists to calculate a 'time depth'—how long ago two languages shared a common ancestor. Though controversial due to its restrictive assumptions, glottochronology provides rough temporal estimates when archaeological or written records are unavailable.	The Comparative Method is a foundational technique in historical linguistics for reconstructing ancestral languages and establishing genetic relationships between related languages. Pioneered by Sir William Jones in 1786, it systematically compares phonological, morphological, and lexical features across languages to identify regular sound correspondences and trace their shared origins. This method underpins modern historical linguistics and has been essential for understanding language families worldwide.	Internal Reconstruction is a historical linguistic method that reconstructs earlier stages of a single language by identifying internal inconsistencies, morphological irregularities, and distributional patterns within the language itself. Unlike the Comparative Method, which relies on comparing related languages, Internal Reconstruction uses evidence from within one language—such as suppletive forms, analogy-induced irregularities, and phonological asymmetries—to infer its historical structure and sound changes. This method is particularly valuable when only one written form of a language survives or when related languages are unavailable.