قارن الطرق

	تعديل الباب الأمامي (معيار الباب الأمامي)	تصميم الانحدار المقطوع (RDD)	المتغيرات الآلية عبر المربعات الصغرى ذات المرحلتين (IV/2SLS)
المجال	الاستدلال السببي	الاستدلال السببي	الاستدلال السببي
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1995	2008	2009
صاحب الطريقة	Judea Pearl	Imbens & Lemieux (guide to practice); Cattaneo, Idrobo & Titiunik (practical introduction)	Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment); Stock & Yogo (weak-instrument theory)
النوع	Causal identification (graphical adjustment)	Quasi-experimental causal design	Instrumental-variables regression
المصدر التأسيسي	Pearl, J. (1995). Causal Diagrams for Empirical Research. Biometrika, 82(4), 669-688.	Imbens, G. W., & Lemieux, T. (2008). Regression Discontinuity Designs: A Guide to Practice. Journal of Econometrics, 142(2), 615-635.	Angrist, J. D. & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355
الأسماء البديلة	frontdoor criterion, Pearl's frontdoor adjustment, frontdoor formula, Ön Kapı Düzenlemesi (Frontdoor Adjustment)	RDD, regression discontinuity design, sharp RDD, fuzzy RDD	instrumental variables, IV estimation, 2SLS, instrumental variable regression
ذات صلة	4	5	5
الملخص	Frontdoor adjustment is Judea Pearl's graphical identification strategy, introduced in 1995, that recovers the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome through a fully mediating variable even when an unobserved confounder sits between the treatment and the outcome. It is the go-to tool when the backdoor criterion cannot be satisfied because the confounder is unmeasured.	Regression Discontinuity Design is a quasi-experimental method that identifies a causal effect by locally comparing units just above and just below a cutoff on a continuous assignment (running) variable. Formalised for applied work by Imbens and Lemieux (2008) and developed as a practical framework by Cattaneo, Idrobo, and Titiunik (2020), it estimates a local average treatment effect (LATE) at the threshold.	IV/2SLS is a two-stage estimation method that recovers the causal effect of an endogenous regressor by isolating the part of its variation driven by an external instrument. It is the workhorse identification strategy in modern applied econometrics, developed at length in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics (2009).