قارن الطرق

	البحث الإثنوغرافي	بحث الفعل	دراسة الحالة
المجال	البحث النوعي	البحث النوعي	البحث النوعي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1920s–1970s	1946	1984 (Yin); 1995 (Stake)
صاحب الطريقة	Anthropology (Malinowski, Boas); applied in health and sociology (Geertz)	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Robert K. Yin; Robert E. Stake; Sharan Merriam
النوع	Method	Method	Method
المصدر التأسيسي	Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. Basic Books.	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
الأسماء البديلة	Ethnography, Participatory Observation, Field Research	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	Case Study, Single Case Study, Multiple Case Study
ذات صلة	4	1	4
الملخص	Ethnographic research is an immersive qualitative methodology in which researchers spend prolonged time in a community, organization, or social setting, combining participant observation, interviews, and document analysis to develop a rich, contextual understanding of a group's beliefs, practices, and social structures. Grounded in anthropology and refined for health, organizational, and social research, ethnography produces 'thick description' (Geertz 1973) that reveals the meaning and context underlying observable behavior.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Case study research is an intensive, contextual investigation of a single case (or small number of cases) to explore a phenomenon in depth. Developed systematically by Robert K. Yin (1984) and Robert E. Stake (1995), case study research employs multiple data sources (interviews, observation, documents, artifacts) to produce a holistic understanding of a bounded phenomenon within its real-world context.