قارن الطرق

	المسعر التفاضلي الماسح	CALPHAD	التحليل الوزني الحراري
المجال	علم المواد	علم المواد	علم المواد
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1964	1970	1960s
صاحب الطريقة	E. S. Watson	Larry Kaufman	William W. Wendlandt
النوع	Measurement method	Computational method	Characterization method
المصدر التأسيسي	Watson, E. S., O'Neill, M. J., Justin, J., & Brenner, N. (1964). A differential scanning calorimeter for quantitative differential thermal analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 36(7), 1233-1238.	Kaufman, L., & Bernstein, H. (1970). Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams. Academic Press.	Wendlandt, W. W. (1986). Thermal Analysis (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
الأسماء البديلة	DSC, differential thermal analysis, thermal analysis	CALPHAD method, computational thermodynamics	TGA, thermal gravimetry, thermogravimetry
ذات صلة	3	3	3
الملخص	Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal characterization technique that measures the heat flow required to maintain a sample and an inert reference at the same temperature while both are heated or cooled. Invented by Watson, O'Neill, and colleagues in 1964, DSC directly quantifies enthalpy changes during phase transitions, crystallization, melting, and chemical reactions. It is the standard tool in materials science, chemistry, and pharmaceutical research for determining thermodynamic properties, thermal stability, and kinetics of thermal transitions.	CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) is a computational method for predicting thermodynamic equilibrium properties and phase diagrams of multicomponent alloys. Pioneered by Larry Kaufman in 1970, CALPHAD combines experimental and computational data to assess thermodynamic properties of phases and subsequently predict equilibrium conditions. It is the standard methodology in physical metallurgy and materials design for alloy development, process optimization, and understanding phase stability.	Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) is a thermal characterization technique that continuously measures mass loss or gain of a material as a function of temperature (or time at constant temperature). Developed systematically by William Wendlandt and colleagues in the 1960s, TGA identifies thermal transitions (evaporation, decomposition, oxidation, reduction) and quantifies composition of polymers, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, and other materials. The derivative signal (DTG) highlights transition temperatures. When combined with gas analysis (MS, FTIR), decomposition products are identified.