قارن الطرق

	Differential Item Functioning	تحليل العوامل التوكيدي متعدد المجموعات (MG-CFA)
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1970s–1993	1971
صاحب الطريقة	William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer	Karl Jöreskog
النوع	Item-level bias detection	Measurement model / invariance test
المصدر التأسيسي	Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589	Vandenberg, R. J. & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
الأسماء البديلة	DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias	MG-CFA, multi-group CFA, measurement invariance testing, multi-sample CFA
ذات صلة	5	6
الملخص	Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development.	Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis tests whether a measurement model holds equivalently across two or more groups — such as cultures, genders, or time points. By imposing increasingly stringent equality constraints and comparing model fit, it determines whether comparisons of latent mean scores are justified.