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| Differential Item Functioning× | نظرية الاستجابة للمفردة (IRT)× | |
|---|---|---|
| المجال | القياس النفسي | القياس النفسي |
| العائلة | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| سنة النشأة≠ | 1970s–1993 | 1952–1968 |
| صاحب الطريقة≠ | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer | Frederic M. Lord (and Allan Birnbaum for the 2PL/3PL models) |
| النوع≠ | Item-level bias detection | Probabilistic measurement model |
| المصدر التأسيسي≠ | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 | Lord, F. M. & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Addison-Wesley. link ↗ |
| الأسماء البديلة | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias | IRT, latent trait theory, item characteristic curve theory, modern test theory |
| ذات صلة | 5 | 5 |
| الملخص≠ | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. | Item response theory models the probability that a respondent answers an item correctly (or endorses it) as a function of the respondent's latent trait level and the item's own statistical properties — difficulty, discrimination, and guessing. Unlike classical test theory, IRT places persons and items on the same scale, yielding measurement that is sample-independent for items and test-independent for persons. |
| ScholarGateمجموعة البيانات ↗ |
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