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| Differential Item Functioning× | تحليل العوامل التأكيدي (CFA)× | |
|---|---|---|
| المجال | القياس النفسي | القياس النفسي |
| العائلة | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| سنة النشأة≠ | 1970s–1993 | 1969 |
| صاحب الطريقة≠ | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer | Karl Gustav Jöreskog |
| النوع≠ | Item-level bias detection | Hypothesis-testing latent variable model |
| المصدر التأسيسي≠ | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 | Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202. DOI ↗ |
| الأسماء البديلة | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias | CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis |
| ذات صلة≠ | 5 | 4 |
| الملخص≠ | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. | Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing. |
| ScholarGateمجموعة البيانات ↗ |
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