قارن الطرق

	الإحصاء الوصفي	اختبار مربع كاي بيرسون للاستقلال
المجال	الإحصاء	الإحصاء
العائلة	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
سنة النشأة	1977	1900
صاحب الطريقة	John W. Tukey	Karl Pearson
النوع	Summary procedure	Nonparametric association / goodness-of-fit
المصدر التأسيسي	Tukey, J.W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley. ISBN: 978-0201076165	Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables. Philosophical Magazine, Series 5, 50(302), 157–175.
الأسماء البديلة	summary statistics, exploratory data summary, Betimsel İstatistik	chi-squared test, χ² test, Ki-Kare Testi, chi-square test
ذات صلة	6	3
الملخص	Descriptive statistics is a set of procedures that numerically and visually summarises the essential characteristics of a dataset: central tendency (mean, median, mode), spread (standard deviation, interquartile range), shape (skewness, kurtosis), and frequency distributions. Systematised for applied data analysis by John W. Tukey in his 1977 work on Exploratory Data Analysis, descriptive statistics serves as the indispensable first step before any inferential or modelling procedure.	The chi-square test of independence is a nonparametric hypothesis test that determines whether two categorical variables are statistically associated or independent of one another. Introduced by Karl Pearson in 1900, it remains the standard procedure for analysing contingency tables and requires no assumption of normality — only that observations are independent and that expected cell frequencies are sufficiently large.