قارن الطرق

	إعلان هلسنكي	الموافقة المستنيرة في البحث
المجال	أخلاقيات البحث	أخلاقيات البحث
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1964	1947
صاحب الطريقة	World Medical Association (WMA)	Multiple (Nuremberg Code 1947 first principle; formalized in Belmont Report 1979, Declaration of Helsinki 1964; US Common Rule 45 CFR 46)
النوع	Framework	Guideline
المصدر التأسيسي	World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194.	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Code of Federal Regulations Title 45, Part 46: Protection of Human Subjects. Federal Register.
الأسماء البديلة	DoH, Helsinki Declaration	Research Consent, Informed Consent Process
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) is the foundational international ethical code for medical research involving human subjects, established by the World Medical Association. It extended earlier principles (Nuremberg Code 1947) to include therapeutic research and formalized the physician's ethical duty to prioritize subject welfare. Updated nine times through 2013, it remains the standard adopted by major medical journals, research ethics committees, and regulatory bodies worldwide.	Informed consent is the cornerstone of ethical human subjects research, requiring researchers to disclose material information about a study and obtain voluntary agreement from subjects before participation. Established as the first principle of the Nuremberg Code (1947) and formalized in subsequent ethical frameworks (Declaration of Helsinki 1964, Belmont Report 1979), informed consent protects subject autonomy, enables risk-benefit assessment, and creates accountability. Effective informed consent requires far more than obtaining a signature—it demands clear communication, genuine comprehension, and authentic voluntariness.