قارن الطرق

	تطوير مقياس الاختبار التكيفي الحاسوبي	Differential Item Functioning
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1970s–1980s	1970s–1993
صاحب الطريقة	Frederic Lord (IRT foundations); CAT systems developed at ETS and ACT in the 1970s–1980s	William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer
النوع	Measurement design and test construction	Item-level bias detection
المصدر التأسيسي	Wainer, H., Dorans, N. J., Flaugher, R., Green, B. F., Mislevy, R. J., Steinberg, L., & Thissen, D. (2000). Computerized Adaptive Testing: A Primer (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805835113	Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589
الأسماء البديلة	CAT scale construction, adaptive test development, computerized adaptive testing scale design, CAT item bank development	DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	Computerized adaptive test (CAT) scale development is the process of constructing, calibrating, and validating a large item bank such that the assessment algorithm can select items tailored to each examinee's estimated ability or trait level in real time. The result is a measurement instrument that achieves high precision with fewer items than a conventional fixed-form test.	Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development.