قارن الطرق

	ثبات القياس في الاختبارات التكيفية الحاسوبية	Differential Item Functioning
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1990s–2000s	1970s–1993
صاحب الطريقة	Building on Meredith (1993) for invariance and Lord (1980) for adaptive testing	William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer
النوع	Measurement equivalence testing in adaptive testing contexts	Item-level bias detection
المصدر التأسيسي	Millsap, R. E. (2011). Statistical Approaches to Measurement Invariance. Routledge. ISBN: 978-0805864946	Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589
الأسماء البديلة	CAT measurement invariance, adaptive test invariance, CAT MI, measurement equivalence in CAT	DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias
ذات صلة	6	5
الملخص	Computerized adaptive test measurement invariance evaluates whether a CAT instrument measures the same latent construct with the same psychometric properties across different groups (e.g., gender, language, clinical vs. community) or time points. It combines IRT-based adaptive test frameworks with measurement equivalence testing to ensure fair and comparable score interpretation.	Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development.