قارن الطرق

	تحليل بنود الاختبار التكيفي المحوسب	Differential Item Functioning
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1970s–1990s	1970s–1993
صاحب الطريقة	Lord, Weiss, and colleagues in psychometric research on adaptive testing	William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer
النوع	Item calibration and evaluation	Item-level bias detection
المصدر التأسيسي	van der Linden, W. J. & Glas, C. A. W. (Eds.) (2000). Computerized Adaptive Testing: Theory and Practice. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN: 978-0792365556	Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589
الأسماء البديلة	CAT item analysis, adaptive item calibration, IRT-based CAT item evaluation, adaptive item parameter estimation	DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias
ذات صلة	6	5
الملخص	Computerized adaptive test item analysis evaluates and calibrates items intended for use in adaptive testing environments. Unlike fixed-form analysis, it accounts for the non-random item exposure inherent in adaptive administration, using item response theory to estimate item parameters, information functions, and exposure rates across the ability continuum.	Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development.