قارن الطرق

	الملاحظة الصفية	تحليل المناهج
المجال	الأساليب الميدانية	الأساليب الميدانية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1960s (Flanders Interaction Analysis); refined through 1990s–2000s	1949 (Tyler); 1980s–2000s (Posner's analytic framework)
صاحب الطريقة	Ned Flanders (systematic interaction analysis); Robert Pianta et al. (CLASS system)	George J. Posner (systematic framework); Ralph Tyler (foundational rationale)
النوع	Qualitative and quantitative observational research	Qualitative / mixed document analysis
المصدر التأسيسي	Flanders, N. A. (1970). Analyzing Teaching Behavior. Addison-Wesley.	Posner, G. J. (2004). Analyzing the Curriculum (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0072823899
الأسماء البديلة	classroom observation research, structured classroom observation, instructional observation, lesson observation	curriculum evaluation, curriculum review, syllabus analysis, curriculum appraisal
ذات صلة	6	6
الملخص	Classroom observation is a field research method in which a trained observer systematically watches, documents, and analyzes teaching and learning events as they occur in a real classroom setting. It can be structured (using a predefined coding instrument such as Flanders Interaction Analysis or CLASS), semi-structured, or open-ended (ethnographic notes), and is used across educational research, teacher professional development, school evaluation, and curriculum studies to generate ecologically valid evidence about instructional practice.	Curriculum analysis is a systematic research method for examining the content, structure, goals, and underlying assumptions of educational curricula — including written syllabi, textbooks, lesson plans, and policy documents. By mapping what is taught, how it is sequenced, and what values are embedded, researchers and educators can evaluate alignment with learning objectives, identify gaps or biases, and guide curriculum reform across all levels of education.