قارن الطرق

	مقياس مركز دراسات الأوبئة للاكتئاب (CES-D)	مقاييس الاكتئاب والقلق والتوتر-21 (DASS-21)	استبيان الصحة العامة-12 (GHQ-12)	مقياس المستشفى للقلق والاكتئاب (HADS)
المجال	علم النفس السريري	علم النفس السريري	علم النفس السريري	علم النفس السريري
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1977	1995	1992	1983
صاحب الطريقة	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	David P. Goldberg	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith
النوع	Community-based depression assessment	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Psychiatric symptom screening	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations
المصدر التأسيسي	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.
الأسماء البديلة	CES-D, CESD	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	GHQ-12, GHQ	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D
ذات صلة	5	5	5	4
الملخص	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is designed for rapid detection of minor psychiatric morbidity and assessment of psychological well-being in clinical, occupational health, and community settings.	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.