قارن الطرق

	اختبار ديكي-فولر المعزز مقطعياً (CADF)	اختبار PANIC: تحليل جذر الوحدة للبيانات المقطعية مع تحليل العوامل المشتركة
المجال	الاقتصاد القياسي	الاقتصاد القياسي
العائلة	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
سنة النشأة	2007	2004
صاحب الطريقة	M. Hashem Pesaran	Jushan Bai & Serena Ng
النوع	Panel unit-root test with cross-sectional augmentation	Panel unit root test
المصدر التأسيسي	Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.	Bai, J., & Ng, S. (2004). A PANIC attack on unit roots and cointegration. Econometrica, 72(4), 1127–1177.
الأسماء البديلة	Cross-Sectionally Augmented ADF, Panel CADF Test, Pesaran Panel Unit Root Test, CADF Birim Kök Testi	Panel Analysis of Non-stationarity in Idiosyncratic and Common Components, Bai-Ng PANIC Test, Second-Generation Panel Unit Root Test, Panel Birim Kök Testi (PANIC)
ذات صلة	3	3
الملخص	The Cross-sectionally Augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) test, introduced by Pesaran (2007), is a second-generation panel unit-root test designed to handle cross-sectional dependence among panel units. Unlike first-generation panel unit-root tests that assume cross-sectional independence, the CADF test augments individual ADF regressions with cross-sectional averages of lagged levels and first differences, making it suitable for macro-panels and cross-country studies where common factors drive co-movement.	PANIC (Panel Analysis of Non-stationarity in Idiosyncratic and Common Components) is a second-generation panel unit root test introduced by Bai and Ng (2004). It decomposes each panel series into common factors and idiosyncratic components, then tests for unit roots in each part separately, making it robust to cross-sectional dependence — a critical limitation of first-generation tests such as IPS or LLC.