قارن الطرق

	الاستدلال بالتمهيد	التقدير المربعات الصغرى المعممة (GLS)	نموذج توزيع الخسائر
المجال	الإحصاء	الإحصاء	العلوم الاكتوارية
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1979	1935	2012
صاحب الطريقة	Bradley Efron	Alexander Craig Aitken	Klugman, Panjer & Willmot
النوع	Resampling-based inference	Linear estimator	Parametric probability model
المصدر التأسيسي	Efron, B. (1979). Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife. Annals of Statistics, 7(1), 1-26.	Aitken, A. C. (1935). IV.—On least squares and linear combination of observations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 55, 42–48.	Klugman, S. A., Panjer, H. H., & Willmot, G. E. (2012). Loss Models: From Data to Decisions (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1-118-31532-3
الأسماء البديلة	bootstrap, bootstrap resampling, nonparametric bootstrap, Bootstrap Çıkarımı	GLS, Aitken estimator, EGLS, feasible GLS	Severity-Frequency Model, Aggregate Loss Model, Claim Size Distribution Model, Hasar Dağılımı Modeli
ذات صلة	5	3	3
الملخص	Bootstrap inference, introduced by Bradley Efron in 1979, estimates the sampling distribution of a statistic by repeatedly resampling the observed data with replacement. It requires no distributional assumption and produces reliable confidence intervals even in small samples.	Generalized Least Squares (GLS) is a linear regression estimator that extends ordinary least squares to handle situations where the error terms are correlated or have non-constant variance (heteroscedasticity). Introduced by Alexander Craig Aitken in 1935, GLS achieves the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE) under a general error covariance structure by weighting observations according to their precision, providing a theoretical bridge between OLS and modern linear mixed models.	A Loss Distribution Model is a parametric statistical framework used in actuarial science to characterise the probabilistic behaviour of insurance claim amounts and frequencies. Developed comprehensively by Klugman, Panjer, and Willmot in their foundational text Loss Models: From Data to Decisions (first edition 1998, fourth edition 2012), these models underpin premium rating, reserving, reinsurance pricing, and regulatory capital calculations across the insurance and risk-management industries.