قارن الطرق

	البحث الكمي الرصدي البيزي	مطابقة درجات الميل
المجال	تصميم البحث	إحصاء البحث
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1990s–2000s (systematic application to observational research)	1983
صاحب الطريقة	Thomas Bayes (foundational theorem, 1763); modern applied form developed by Sander Greenland, Andrew Gelman, and colleagues (1990s–2000s)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
النوع	Quantitative non-experimental research design with Bayesian inference	Method
المصدر التأسيسي	Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., Dunson, D. B., Vehtari, A., & Rubin, D. B. (2013). Bayesian Data Analysis (3rd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN: 978-1439840955	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
الأسماء البديلة	Bayesian observational study, Bayesian non-experimental quantitative design, Bayesian causal observational analysis, BOQR	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
ذات صلة	4	3
الملخص	Bayesian observational quantitative research applies Bayesian statistical inference to data collected without experimental manipulation — surveys, administrative records, registries, or secondary datasets. Instead of relying solely on p-values and confidence intervals, the analyst encodes prior knowledge about parameters as probability distributions, updates them with observed data via Bayes' theorem, and reports conclusions as posterior probability statements. The approach is especially valued in epidemiology, social science, and health services research where randomisation is impossible or unethical.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.