قارن الطرق

	Bass Diffusion Model	Triple Helix Analysis
المجال	Science Technology Studies	Science Technology Studies
العائلة	Regression model	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1969	2000
صاحب الطريقة	Frank M. Bass	Henry Etzkowitz & Loet Leydesdorff
النوع	Nonlinear diffusion / growth model	Innovation-systems framework and bibliometric indicator
المصدر التأسيسي	Bass, F. M. (1969). A new product growth for model consumer durables. Management Science, 15(5), 215-227.	Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and 'Mode 2' to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109-123.
الأسماء البديلة	Bass model, New product growth model, Innovation diffusion model	Triple Helix indicator, University-industry-government analysis, Triple Helix synergy analysis
ذات صلة	3	4
الملخص	The Bass diffusion model is a parsimonious mathematical model of how a new product or technology spreads through a market over time, introduced by Frank Bass in 1969. It represents adoption as the combined effect of two forces—external influence (mass media, advertising) acting on innovators and internal influence (word of mouth, imitation) acting on imitators—producing the characteristic S-shaped cumulative adoption curve from a fixed pool of eventual adopters.	Triple Helix analysis is a framework and bibliometric method for studying knowledge-based innovation as the evolving interplay of three institutional spheres—university, industry, and government. Rather than treating these as separate actors that occasionally cooperate, it models innovation as the overlapping, mutually shaping relations among them, and offers an information-theoretic indicator that quantifies how much the three spheres jointly reduce uncertainty in a knowledge economy.