قارن الطرق

	اختبار جذر الوحدة المعزز لديكي-فولر (ADF)	اختبار بيساران CD: تشخيص الاعتماد المقطعي للبيانات اللوحية
المجال	الاقتصاد القياسي	الاقتصاد القياسي
العائلة	Regression model	Hypothesis test
سنة النشأة	1979	2021
صاحب الطريقة	David A. Dickey & Wayne A. Fuller	M. Hashem Pesaran
النوع	Unit-root test for stationarity	Non-parametric diagnostic test
المصدر التأسيسي	Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427–431.	Pesaran, M. H. (2021). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 60(1), 13–50.
الأسماء البديلة	ADF test, Dickey-Fuller test, unit root test, Genişletilmiş Dickey-Fuller testi	CD Test, Cross-Sectional Dependence Test, Pesaran General CD Test, Kesitsel Bağımlılık Testi
ذات صلة	4	3
الملخص	The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test is the most widely used test for a unit root — that is, for whether a time series is non-stationary and must be differenced before modelling. Introduced by David Dickey and Wayne Fuller in 1979 and extended by Said and Dickey in 1984 to series with higher-order autocorrelation, it regresses the change in the series on its lagged level plus lagged differences and asks whether the lagged-level coefficient is zero.	The Pesaran CD test is a general diagnostic procedure for detecting cross-sectional dependence in panel data models. Developed by M. Hashem Pesaran (2021), it is applicable to both balanced and unbalanced panels with large N and T, and retains validity under heterogeneous slope coefficients. The test is widely adopted in empirical economics, finance, and political economy as a prerequisite check before selecting appropriate estimators or unit-root tests for panel datasets.